Discussing Neumans System Model and its Application

Discussing Neumans System Model and its Application One of the most important contributions in the field of nursing is the publication of the Neumans System Model. Betty Neuman, a nursing theorist believes on a comprehensive wholistic and systematic perspective on learning. She aims to develop a system that will help introductory nursing students to learn the course and develop their over-all being. She assumes the existence of certain stressors where in certain preventions must also be formulated. This paper will present a brief background on the life and published works of Neuman. This will also include a detailed discussion on her systems model and the factors to consider when applying the model to certain situations. Lastly, given this model, how would a nursing student apply this to her current practice. 1. Introduction/Background a. Life/ school Betty Neuman, born in Ohio US has obtained her diploma as Registered Nurse in People Hospital School of Nursing (Ohio) in the year 1947. She worked in California as a head nurse and hospital staff, industrial nurse and school nurse. She has also engaged in clinical teaching in the following areas: communicable disease, medical- surgical and critical care. b. work/academic achievement/experiences She finished her baccalaureate degree with distinction in nursing in the year 1957. And in the year 1966, she received her masters degree in Mental Health, Public Health Consultation, from UCLA. In the year 1985, he received her doctoral degree in Clinical Psychology ffrom Pacific Western University. With this she started to incorporate and become pioneer in incorporating nursing involvement in mental health. She developed a model from in response to the needs of graduate nursing students who wished to have a course or a program that will expose them to an in-depth breadth of nursing problems. With this, she created a conceptual framework or model for nursing that has been initially published in the year 1972 entitled: Model for Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems in Nursing Research. Along with this model, she refined and reviewed some aspects in for her published book entitled: The Neuman Systems Model: Application to Nursing Education and Practice. Neumans model has been reviewed as holistic, comprehensive, flexible and system based perspective for nursing. It primary attention has been focused on client response system towards the potential and actual environmental stressors. And she used all steps from primary to tertiary nursing prevention, intervention for retention, maintenance and attainment for a holistic wellness of clients. c. List of few works that is published. The Neuman Systems Model This work was published in the Nursing Research in 1872. She developed this model as a way to teach introductory nursing course to beginning nursing students. This aims to provide wholistic overview to the four aspects of a person. These four aspects are psychological, physiological, developmental and sociocultural. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL The Neuman Systems Model presents a systems-based framework for viewing individuals, families or communities. It is based on general systems theory with the client viewed as an open system, which reacts and adapts to both internal and external stressors.   NSM is based on numerous concepts and sub concepts, some of which are: stress, adaptation, homeostasis, levels of prevention, intra, inter and extra personal factors, optimal wellness and basic structure. The following description of the model is a brief summary of the description found in the original publication (Neuman Young 1972) with examples added by the authors. In this explanation of the model the client will be considered to be an individual. The client system is represented by a series of solid and broken circles. The central circle is the basic structure or energy source, which includes basic survival factors common to the species. Some examples are genetic response patterns, strengths or weaknesses of body organs and normal temperature range. The basic structure also consists of characteristics which are unique   to a given individual or client such as innate musical talent. The outer most solid circle is referred to as the   normal line of defense and represents the individuals normal state of wellness or the usual state of adaptation, which the person has maintained over time.   The broken line outside the normal line of defense is the flexible line of defense. It acts as a buffer or protection to the normal line of defense. Ideally it will prevent stressors from invading the client system by blocking or defusing stressors before they are able to attack the normal line of defense. The flexible line of defense is accordion like in its function. When it is expanded greater protection is provided. When it is narrowed and therefore closer to the normal line of defense, its ability to protect is diminished. The NSM also includes the concept of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. This concept is of particular importance to those who work in the helping professions. Interventions can occur at a primary level to strengthen the flexible line of defense, at a secondary level to help restore the client system to equilibrium by treating symptoms that occur after penetration of the line of defense by a stressor or a at the tertiary level to prevent farther damage and maintain stability after reconstitution has occurred. INTERDISCIPLINARY FIT Although use of interdisciplinary teams is not new to health care industries, it has gained increasing favor in the environment   of health care reform as evidenced by governmental recommendations and guidelines (U S Bureau of Health Professions, 1995) and position statements from professional organizations (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1995). The trend in nursing is to collaborate with other health care disciplines as well as with clients. Use of   interdisciplinary health care (IHC) teams can facilitate the emergence of holistic client care goals from teams of diverse health care specialists. Upheaval in the health care industry is affecting   all health professions. In the movement for health care reform, emphasis is being placed on such things as the need for health promotion, coordinated care, and reduction in cost. Some of the watchwords are prevention, wellness and healthy lifestyles. Concepts in the NSM are parallels to those watch words. Therefore, it is not surprising that use of the N.S.M. as a framework for interdisciplinary health care practice is increasing, not only in the United States but also around the world. In Neuman (1995), Lowry, Walker and Mirenda state the following:   The Neuman Systems Model is clearly poised and ready for the challenges of the future. Sometimes characterized in the past as too broad, complex and comprehensive, the model is coming in to its own with the challenges of the 21st century. The complexities of the global society, of crises in health care delivery, and of changing patterns and dangers from the environment provide stimulus for new applications of the Neuman Systems Model. The model is not   only broad and comprehensive enough to provide structure for nursing interventions, but also for other disciplines interested in focusing on wellness and holistic care for patients and clients . . . . The ongoing use and scholarly development of the Neuman Systems Model in practice, education, FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN INCORPORATING THE NSM Understanding the Model Understanding the model is the first step to incorporation of the NSM in any   practice setting. There is much   flexibility in how this can take place, such as providing classes with an expert lecturing on the model, sending staff to NSM symposiums, holding a series of classes in which lecture and discussion focus on various aspects of the N.S.M. or taking the approach used by the authors   in which team members used the model to develop treatment protocols for actual cases. During the practice sessions, cases from team members lived experience quickly and effectively brought the NSM from the level of theory to that of application and allowed the team to experience the fit of the model to their institution and individual philosophies. Learning the Language of the Model Learning the language of the model is not a significant problem for most health   care professionals. As stated earlier, the model promotes synthesis of knowledge from areas of study which form the matrix for nursing education. That matrix has elements common to the educational foundations of other health care professions. Each of the five variables, i.e. physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental and spiritual, is associated with a field of knowledge that forms the base for practice in some health care related profession. For example, medicine, psychology, physical therapy, social work, and marriage and family counseling, share portions of the educational matrix associated with nursing. Thus they are able, for the most part, to speak the language of the NSM, and make major contributions to an interdisciplinary health care team which uses the model. However, because of the breadth of   the NSM, other theories, some of which are profession specific, can and must b e related to the assessment and intervention processes. All team members must be sensitive to the particular language of their discipline (Morrissey, 1989) and must clarify to other members where appropriate. A common language will assist in development of unity among team participants.   It is helpful to establish as a group norm the expectation that each member is responsible to ask for and expect to receive clarification of all unfamiliar terminology used by any other team member. It is not unusual for clergy to have an educational background dissimilar to that of the health care professions. The spiritual expert on our team, a professor of religion who is also a lay minister, was the team member least familiar with terminology used in the NSM. Conversely, other members of the team were at times unfamiliar with certain religious terminology. In those instances when team members have dissimilar backgrounds, extra time and effort may be required for the team to learn to speak a common language. In summary, the primary reason the NSM adapts well to interdisciplinary use is because it was developed on the premise that the practice of holistic health care must be built on a foundation   of synthesized knowledge and interdisciplinary cooperation based in a common language and dynamic systems concepts (Neuman Young 1972). APPLICATION IN EDUCATION The team member, who represented expertise in human development, has developed and taught an interdisciplinary undergraduate course in general systems theory using the NSM as the main example for application of general systems theory in the clinical setting. Using the NSM, a case study and the Interdisciplinary Assessment Form, students assess the clients needs and determine which member of an interdisciplinary health care team would be the most appropriate care coordinator for the client. The team has developed a proposal for an honors course which would be open to any honors student interested in the health care professions or behavioral sciences. The course will be built on the   NSM and emphasize use of an interdisciplinary team for assessing and intervening in   client problems. A case study approach will be used. All members on the team will   participate in teaching with each member presenting information related to his/her major area of expertise. At the administrative and faculty level, interest in this course is generated by a desire for increased interdisciplinary activity on the Brigham Young University campus. INCORPORATING THE MODEL WITH MY DAILY PRACTICE Given this Neuman Systems Model and as a sub-acute practice nurse, I can apply this by following these steps: 1. Understand that my patients are unique and different from one another. One may respond to one stressor in a heavy manner and another may not. 2. Since I am a sub-acute nurse, and I am dealing with patients that are recovering from previous illnesses, I will assume that all stressors, light or heavy will contribute   a big factor on the recovery of my patient. This conjecture will help me not to be complacent with handling my patient. 3. Improve my communication with my patient by asking him or her about the stressor he or she experiences. Identify and evaluate the situations or events that contributes to this stressor. 4. Make an effort in researching and working on the proper preventions for the stressors my patient is exposed to. 5. Bear in mind that every little thing I do affect the wellness or illness of my patient. The theory emphases the wholistic care for better welfare and wellness to the patient as well to the health provider (doctors, nurse and sabacute nurse), just like other interventions it would brings enrichment to the patient and to its provider leading to areas that would increase the specialization. In this case as a sabacute nurse it is a better opportunity to enhance my daily work because it will support and develop my skills. SUMMARY This interdisciplinary health care team experience has enhanced the level of our professional expertise and has enriched both our professional and personal lives. The experience of coming together for the good of the client has its own intrinsic value. We believe that, with a history of increasing health care specialization and compartmentalization, the work of interdisciplinary health care teams using a wholistic model of care is one of the few health care options leading toward increased levels of wellness for all people in all countries.

My Own Relationship to Pop Culture Essay

Every individual grew up in a particular culture that defines and shapes a person’s beliefs, attitudes and values. We are born in a culture instilled by our parents and by the people around us. Not all people have the same culture that defines his personality. This refers to cultural diversity, which explains the differences in beliefs, traditions and practices of individuals. Due to the rapid advancement of technology and the trend of globalization, they brought about transformation to the existing culture, thus, the emergence of pop culture. Popular culture is the totality of the ideas, behaviors, attitudes and perspectives that are seem deviant to the mainstream cultural norm. This type of culture is heavily influenced by mass media, especially on the latter part of the 20th century as proliferated by the culture’s vernacular language, popular culture permeates the everyday lives of the society. Popular Culture Popular culture has been defined in various aspects ranging from common culture to folk culture to mass culture. After the war in America, popular culture was associated with commercial culture reinforced with the various types of mass media which include movies, television, radio, internet, advertisements, and the various forms of art (University of California, n. d. ). â€Å"Popular culture is all those elements of life which are not narrowly intellectual or creatively elitist and which are generally though not necessarily disseminated through the mass media. † (US Fed News Service, Including US State News, 2006). Every individual participates in the pop culture, no matter how old-fashioned they may seem. Their participation largely depends on the role that they play in the society. Popular culture is manifested in various areas of life and society such as clothing, cooking, music, film and literature. It is an elusive culture that often contrasts with the elitist, high culture that is adhered by most ruling social groups. Popular culture is also coined as mass culture which is easily accessible to everyone. Popular culture is a channel for self-expression and manifestation of style and identity as it is a collection of ideas, principles, perspectives and attitudes that are shared by everyone. An idea or a behavior can be a part of pop culture if it is commercialized through mass media and consumed by a lot of people. That is the reason that youth follow fads and trends that are highly advertised or popularized. Through the expression of style and identity, it shapes and reshapes the existing culture of the society. In the contemporary global society like ours, media industries are also going internationally or globally which makes people from other locality perceive the different facets of another culture. When many media audiences perceive a particular idea or principle and many follow or believe in that premise, popular culture emerged. Thus, popular culture became a good place for cultural diversity, as characterized by diverse cultural traditions and practices, with the help of the global media industries that are able to reach a larger and more diverse audiences residing in different places. The globalization of popular culture opens opportunities to other countries in aspects of proliferating different ideals, principles and perspectives that are important in the global society today. Pop Culture and Communication One of the important parts of a culture is communication for it encompasses the person’s ability to communicate and the method used for communication or conveying the messages. Communication is the process by which we convey messages and meanings in order to share an understanding. Communication requires various skills such as listening, observing and speaking. Communication is a process that plays an important role in various areas such as home, school and community. Cooperation and coordination occurs through communication (â€Å"Communication†). The process of communication is largely affected by the inception of pop culture. The invention and development of modern technologies utilized for communication is the main contribution of pop culture in the field of communication. Pop culture is very pervasive and always present in the society. This no longer a new phenomenon, however, the influence of popular culture had been magnified due to the intensity of the visual modes of communication. Today, the impact of pop culture goes deeper in our simple communication activities like conversation and writing. â€Å"Popular culture also influenced the focus of our discourse. † It shows that today’s conversations focus on rhetoric and on the feelings rather on the concrete facts and information (Best and Lynch). Various tools and gadgets are available in the market used to communicate other people all around the world. We currently lived in a digital society, equipped with various technologies. One of these technologies is the inception of mobile phones that made it easier for a person to contact other people. Mobile phones are products of modern technologies that are convenient because of its portability, economical attribute and other interesting and exciting features. Now, mobile phones are not only for communication but also for fun and entertainment. Most mobile phones are equipped of various features such as MP3 Players, Bluetooth to transfer files and cameras. The internet also transformed our long distance communication and made us feel that distance is no longer a barrier in communication. Computer-mediated communication is a popular form of communication which refers to interpersonal correspondence utilizing computers and the internet. There are various messaging system that can be done using the computer and the internet. There are the electronic mail and instant messaging system that enables a person to communicate faster with others. Most of the social networking accounts are equipped with messaging system to convey personal and public messages. Our mass media has also been transformed by modern technologies which go hand in hand with popular culture. Mass communication is the process of conveying messages and information to a large and diverse audience. Mass media, on the other hand, are the channels of communication where messages intended for large audiences are being conveyed. Because of the inception of various modern technologies, there are more channels or venues for conveying of news and information to a wide, diverse audience. The internet is also a great addition to the latest trend of mass media. The internet is a channel to which it can reach people even in far places with just one click. The contemporary mass media is also more personalized as we can instantly give comments and feedbacks to the news and information rendered to us. This feature is not present in the conventional form of mass media due to the absence of technology that enable people to do such thing. We all use this aspect of popular culture and we all have a personal relationship to it. I personally, utilized and enjoy this aspect of popular culture. The different modern technologies and gadgets used for communication are beneficial to people as it makes correspondence easier. We all perform the process of communication in various ways and methods. We all interact in a culture so it is important to communicate with each other. The inception of the various modern technologies brings more people close together and helps them avoid conflict and misunderstanding. These modern technologies are the beneficial in establishing and strengthening relationships which is also important in a culture. It made our communication and interaction with each other easier and more convenient. Conclusion Everyone is raised in a particular culture with its own set of cultural beliefs, practices and traditions. These precepts of culture define the acquired attributes of a person. A person learns some of his values, behavior and attitude towards something through the embedded culture in his own environment. Culture plays an important role of shaping and reshaping the attitudes and behavior of a person. The current trend of globalization and the rapid advancement of technology, reinforced by the strong influence of mass media gave way to the emergence of the popular culture. Popular culture is a collection of beliefs and principles that is heavily marketed by the mass media. Popular culture is the modern philosophy that embodies the current state of today’s society. One of the important facets of culture is communication which plays an important role in the interaction and establishment of relationships of the members of the society. Popular culture transformed our way of communication in various ways that render benefits to the people by making it easier and more convenient to communicate with others. Popular culture reinforced with the invention and development of different communication technologies altered the way we communicate with other members of our culture even outside of own culture. This develops a new way of achieving harmonious and productive relationships with other people. Works Cited â€Å"Communication. † Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. n. d. 24 April 2009 . Best, Linda and Christopher Lynch. â€Å"Impact of Popular Culture on Communication Skills: A Commentary with Insights for Writing Instruction. † Research & Training in Developmental Education (2006). University of California. Pop Culture. n. d. 24 April 2009 . US Fed News Service, Including US State News. â€Å"Popular Culture Book Chronicles Field’s Coming of Age. † HighBeam Research. 2006. 2 4 April 2009 .

The Science of Nicotine and Weight Loss

Many people have health-related questions about chemicals. One of the most common is whether nicotine promotes weight loss. Were not talking about smoking—which involves a complex set of chemicals and physiological processes—but using pure nicotine, which is available in over-the-counter products intended to help people quit smoking. If you search for information about the effects of nicotine, youll find all sorts of research on smoking, but relatively little on the health effects of this one specific chemical. Nicotines Effect on the Body A  Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),  such as the Sigma Aldrich MSDS for nicotine,  indicates nicotine is a naturally occurring isomer that is an acetylcholine receptor agonist. It is a stimulant that causes the release of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). This neurotransmitter increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, and also produces higher blood glucose levels. One of the side effects of nicotine, especially at higher doses, is appetite suppression and nausea. In other words, nicotine is a drug that raises your metabolic rate while suppressing your appetite. It activates the brains pleasure and reward center, so some users may use nicotine to feel good instead of, for example, eating donuts. These are well-documented biological effects of nicotine, but they dont give a firm answer regarding whether or not the drug helps with weight loss. There are some studies that indicate that smokers may lose weight. Limited studies have been conducted regarding weight loss and nicotine use, in part because of the perception that nicotine is addictive. Its interesting to note that while tobacco is addictive, pure nicotine actually is not. It is the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) in tobacco that leads to addiction, so people taking nicotine who are not exposed to monoamine oxidase inhibitors do not necessarily suffer addiction and withdrawal from the substance. However, users do develop a physiological tolerance to nicotine, so it might be expected that, as with other stimulants, weight loss from nicotine use would be most successful over a short term, losing effectiveness with chronic use. Sources Audrain, Janet E., et al. â€Å"Relationship between Obesity and the Metabolic Effects of Smoking in Women.† Health Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, 1995, pp. 116–123.Cabanac, Michel, and Patrick Frankham. â€Å"Evidence That Transient Nicotine Lowers the Body Weight Set Point.† Physiology Behavior, vol. 76, no. 4-5, 2002, pp. 539–542.Leischow, S. J. â€Å"Effects of Differing Nicotine-Replacement Doses on Weight Gain after Smoking Cessation.† Archives of Family Medicine, vol. 1, no. 2, 1992, pp. 233–237.Neese, R. A., et al. â€Å"Metabolic Interactions between Surplus Dietary Energy Intake and Cigarette Smoking or Its Cessation.† American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 267, no. 6, 1994.Nides, Mitchell, et al. â€Å"Weight Gain as a Function of Smoking Cessation and 2-Mg Nicotine Gum Use among Middle-Aged Smokers with Mild Lung Impairment in the First 2 Years of the Lung Health Study.† Health Psychology, vo l. 13, no. 4, 1994, pp. 354–361.Perkins, K. A. â€Å"Metabolic Effects of Cigarette Smoking.† Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 72, no. 2, 1992, pp. 401–409.Pirie, P L, et al. â€Å"Smoking Cessation in Women Concerned about Weight.† American Journal of Public Health, vol. 82, no. 9, 1992, pp. 1238–1243.Schwid, S R, et al. â€Å"Nicotine Effects on Body Weight: a Regulatory Perspective.† The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 55, no. 4, 1992, pp. 878–884.Winders, Suzan E., et al. â€Å"Use of Phenylpropanolamine to Reduce Nicotine Cessation Induced Weight Gain in Rats.† Psychopharmacology, vol. 108, no. 4, 1992, pp. 501–506.

An Analysis of the Factors That Work to Bind and Separate...

The Americas An Analysis of the Factors that Work to both Bind and Separate North, Central, and South America Introduction The Americas is a region that has embarked on a constant evolution, resulting in a series of factors that bind the region together, as well as factors that divide it. There is no doubt that in todays society, people from all over the world are taking world regions just like The Americas for granted. Supported by the work of countless academics, this essay attempts to discuss the factors that bind the North, Central and South regions of America together, as well as, the numerous factors that divide the region up. Some of the factors that work to unite the region are the trend of globalization which is fueled by free trade as well as cultural items such as religion. The main division between North and South America seems to be fueled primarily by political divides as well as other various barriers such as language and communication barriers. 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