Management Accounting Change Essay

Describe the ‘Challenge of Management Accounting Change’ in light of recent research findings and discuss, how can this change help an organisation, in getting its strategic, tactical and operating objectives? Management accounting change and the continuously changing roles of management accountants have dominated accounting literature for the past few decades and the theme of management accounting change procedures has been a topical issue of many studies such as Baines and Langfield-Smith, 2003; Kapla, 1985 and Granlund and Lukka, 1998, just to name a few. In order to understand the relationship between a firm’s strategy and objectives with its management accounting systems, it is necessary to first define the latter. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) define Management Accounting as â€Å"the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control within an entity and to assure appropriate use of and accountability for its resources. Management accounting also comprises the preparation of financial reports for non-management groups such as shareholders, creditors, regulatory agencies and tax authorities. † It is important to explore the extent to which management and strategic concerns are driven by accounting practices, and also how accounting practices are mediated by the views that managers have of the role of accounting (Burns et. al, 1999). Changes in Management Accounting can be viewed as an inevitable process, and they are also intrinsically interlinked to not only changes in a firms strategy, but also with environmental changes. Both internal and external changes in our economic and business environment are the dominating factors in the change of management accounting practices within organisations. This view that change is inevitable has been supported by Kaplan (1985), where he details the change as a â€Å"cause-effect relationship. † In short, management accounting systems have to change whenever there is any sort of change in an organisations business or economic environment. Organizational change is frequently a response to environmental change; such as changes in competition, or changes in laws and legislation. So if Management Accounting change occurs due to organizational change, it is important to note the indirect link between environmental change and management accounting change (Burns et. al, 1999). Wijewardena and De Zoysa (1999) support this idea by detailing that the success of an organisations strategy can be determined by how quickly and effectively management accountants can adapt to their systems to ever changing environmental and economic conditions, thereby supporting the link between management accounting practices and the business environment. It is fair to state that there are a number of factors that can influence change in management accounting and these factors are both internal and external. A research project on management accounting change in the UK, that was funded by CIMA and the Economic and Social Research Council was conducted between 1995 and 1998 by Burns et. al (1999). The study aimed to investigate changes in management accounting systems, the changing role of management accountants and the adoption of modern accounting techniques. The study initially sought to settle the claim that management accounting had not changed in more than 60 years (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). The initial stages of the research found that management accounting practices use traditional accounting systems and modern techniques such as Activity-Based Costing and Strategic Management Accounting were not being used as much as expected. One reason for management accounting changes is the general economic factors such as the globalisation of markets. Changes in technology are another key factor, especially changes in information systems and methods of production. It is in this context that changes in management accounting have taken place. Changes in information technology have allowed for accounts and information to be dispersed around the organisation and managers have a more profound and hands on role within a firm. This in turn indefinitely has an impact on how objectives are met and how strategies and tactics are implemented to achieve, said objectives. This has led to a decentring of accounting knowledge, meaning that it is not only specified accountants who have knowledge of a company’s accounts, but also managers and their subordinates. This gives managers a greater ownership of information and it also means that they have to have an increased knowledge of accounting systems. Ezzamel (1997) states that a â€Å"lack of change in accounting practices is presented as being not only detrimental to business interests but also threatening to corporate survival. † However we must also look at external environmental factors and how they affect management accounting systems. A definition stated by Macy and Arunachalam (1995) define an external environment as â€Å"a phenomenon that is external and have either potential or actual influence on organisations†. However we must reiterate the fact that organisations of no control whatsoever over external factors. It is in an organisations best interest to take any external factors that could affect their operations, into consideration and to recognise them for their long term survival. External factors create a lot of uncertainty for firms. This uncertainty means that companies have to learn to adapt to sudden changes in external environmental business factors. Research by Mia and Patiar (2001) show that organisations must have more refined management accounting practices in order to operates successfully in uncertain business environments. There are also a number of views that contradict the idea that management accounting systems are directly influenced by external environmental factors. The idea of uncertainty, according to Chapman (1997), can be linked to internal factors as well as external factors. More research shows that external factors affecting management accounting can be dealt with in the way internal managers and accountants actually perceive the external variables. Despite the vast amount of advantages to management accounting and organizational change, there are also downsides to such changes. Burns, Scapens and Ezzamel (1999), show that accounting change can challenge existing routines and institutions within an organisation. This can then lead to conflict and resistance within employees, managers and perhaps even board members. Goal congruence may disappear, and an organisations strategy to achieve objectives may be hindered with the lack of an aligning view from all the members who have succumbed to the initial accounting change. Burns et al. (1999) also state that it can be a difficult process for previous systems to be unlearned. A major role for management accounting systems is to motivate behaviours of employees and managers in line with the desires of the organisation as a whole. A great problem is that many managers try to implement new accounting systems without taking into consideration the behavioural implications and consequences of employees with regards to these systems. The lack of goal congruence and effective communication can lead to low motivation and dysfunctional behaviour of employees. A change in an existing system will reduce employees’ knowledge and skill thereby affecting the effectiveness to achieve company objectives. Implementation of new techniques has to be orchestrated with great care and communicated thoroughly throughout the organisation. Accounting practices and emerging routines can be said to be institutionalised when they become widely accepted in the organisation such that they become the unquestionable form of management control. In which case, they are an inherent feature of the management control process, and represent expected forms of behaviour and define the relations between the various organisational groups (Burns and Scapens, 2000). Burns et. al study of â€Å"CHEM†, a small chemicals manufacturer showed that a change in the accounting and organisational systems had little impact on the company as a whole and it did not change their previous ways of thinking. This led to conflict between individual members of the chemical manufacturing company. Later, the new accounting systems were scrapped as they offered little benefits to the company; there had been very little change in the routines, institutions and systems of the firm. There are also claims that management accounting does not always change or respond to environmental or business changes. For example Kaplan (1984) suggests that despite significant changes to the business environment, such as increased competition and continuous changes in technologies and production processes, there has been no signicant changes in management accounting to match since 1925. Research conducted by Horngren (1995) and Burns et. al (1999) show that firms still tend to use traditional management accounting methods instead of adopting new techniques such as ABC. It is also important to note that their has also been a lack of implementation of non-financial measures such as Total Quality Management, Strategic Management Advice or Internal Financial Presentation and Communication. The absences of â€Å"modern† accounting methods support the claim that there is indeed in some cases little change within organisations from traditional accounting systems to new techniques. It is a difficult process to draw a set conclusion on the effectiveness of management accounting change. It is evident that there are vast pools of research both supporting the idea that management accounting hange is beneficial in aiding an organisations strategy but there is an equal amount of research to support the idea that change in accounting systems is derogatory to the success and progress of a business. It is fair to say that further external factors can determine how successful accounting change can be for a firm. For example we must take into account cultural and political factors of the country a particular organisation resides in to fully understand the implications of strategic, and management accounting change. It is impossible to apply findings from research to every company, because in short, every company is different; be it it’s strategy, its structure, its ethics or its objectives. We must be liberal in what we determine is successful implementation of management accounting change. The change that has taken place in organisations cannot be pinpointed to solely a change in management accounting systems and techniques but it is in fact the change in how these new systems are used and implemented (Burns et. al 2000) and these changes are more often than not part of wider changes of the organisation as a whole.

War and Peace

1310 10/17/12 War War is inevitable when disasters exist, but can sometimes be avoidable when conflicting over cultural matters. Primarily, it is in man’s best interest to provide for himself and his family. Those are his two biggest priorities. When any kind of disaster occurs, he must first look after himself and his family before ensuring the safety of others. A civilization works in the same way. Its goal is to carry out the way of life of the people and ensure that it survives. It will fail to reach that goal if the people in the civilization aren’t willing to fight for themselves and what they believe in.If some kind of natural calamity strikes or an outside power that is willing to kill moves in and violently forces its own laws, traditions, and customs, the people must take appropriate actions or face the downfall of their own kind. They must fight to preserve their customs and traditions, or move to another place to live. Now if the intruding invader has any co ncern for the people, but still desires to enforce their laws upon them, non-violence can be used. Non-violence can only be an alternative to war if the force they are fighting against is non-violent.Otherwise, it will only get trampled upon by a violent, oppressive force. In order for a civilization to survive, it must have an adequate supply of resources for its people. A civilization’s supply of resources can easily be depleted by drought, famine, floods, disease and many other natural disasters. When this happens, the civilization must find a way to solve this problem. If a solution can’t be found while staying in the area, they must find another place to live, but that comes with risks. Going out and searching for a new place is very dangerous and many people may die.Another option the impoverished group of people might take would be to seek help to a nearby but separate establishment. This puts the struggling group in the hands of the healthy one. It is then up t o the healthy group to decide if they are going to share their resources or deny it to them. The denial of aide will displease the struggling group and they might have to turn to violence to protect their people. This is because no compromise can be made and both groups are looking out for themselves. Humanity’s natural instinct o survive is the primary reason why violent wars are inevitable. As I have mentioned before, a civilization’s goal is to do anything they can to ensure the prominence and survival of their culture. The Crusades of the middle-ages are a perfect example of acting out on this cultural pride. In 1071, the Catholic Church had previously lost access of the Holy Lands to the Turks. They make a comeback in 1095, at the main series of the Crusades. A lot of conflict and fighting occurred at this time and lasted until 1291.Due to the reason they were fighting, war could have easily been avoidable. The Christians and the Muslims weren’t necessarily fighting for resources, but for the right to own the Holy Lands. The reason both religions wanted it was because both had ties to it. Since they weren’t fighting for resources, they should have been able to share the land without bloodshed. Both should have been able to exist with each other without conflict. Non-violence can be an alternative to war, but only if the people’s lives are a factor in the opposing force’s power.When the British were controlling their colonies in India, they were imposing taxes and trade. The British were using India for its own economic benefits. If the British started killing off the Indians, then there wouldn’t be anybody to pay them their taxes, not to mention it could start a war neither party could afford or want. Even if the British decided to get violent against the resistance, non-violence would have still been effective. This is because the British would use violence to induce fear, but at a cost.Since the British e conomy is dependent on the population of the people, they would actually damage themselves if they were to kill. When people are faced with the options to either fight or die because of competition over resources, they will chose to fight and war will occur. Some wars and conflicts in the past could have been avoided because both parties were intolerant of each other but wanted the same land. In this case, conflict should never have happened, and compromise should have been the solution.

Black Like Me Essay Research Paper Title

Black Like Me Essay, Research Paper Title: Black Like Me Writer: John Howard Griffin Subject: Discrimination because of race can alter a individual? s whole mentality on life. Plot: John is a white author who spends six hebdomads as a? Negro? in the southern provinces. He subsequently studies of his tests and adversities, he tells how he dealt with racism as both a white adult male and a black adult male. Setting: This book takes topographic point in largely the southern provinces. John travels from New Orleans, Louisiana, through Mississippi, and so into Alabama as a? Negro. ? It started in October of 1959 and John returned place to Mansfield, Texas in December. For the following eight months John tells the documents, telecasting Stationss, and wirelesss of his experiences populating as a? Negro. ? During those eight months he besides has some menaces towards his household, so they travel around remaining at topographic points they think will be safer. Word picture: Mr. Griffin, as they called him in the South, wanted to cognize what it felt like to be discriminated by the colour of your tegument. He had a loving married woman and 3 childs who he perfectly adored. As a really courageous and funny adult male he headed into a chilling universe as a? Negro? trusting for the best. Sterling Williams was? the shoe reflecting man. ? He was in his 50 and had a hitch, which with he had to utilize a crutch. He was really friendly and was a great aid to John. Excerpt: ? . . . I stood in the darkness before the mirror, my manus on the light switch. I forced myself to flick it on. In the inundation of visible radiation against white tile, the face and shoulders of a alien? a fierce, bald, really dark Negro-glared at me from the glass. He in no manner resembled me. The transmutation was entire and flooring. I had expected to see myself disguised, but this was something else. I was imprisoned in the flesh of an arrant alien, an unsympathetic on with whom I felt no affinity. All hints of John Griffin I had been were wiped from being. . . . ? Discussion: Finding out how it feels to be discriminated because of your race is a factor of both the secret plan and the word picture. The whole footing of the narrative was to calculate out what consequence favoritism has on a individual. John so went through medical intervention to alter himself into a? Negro. ? After making so he so walked the streets of Louisiana, spent darks in random hotels, and traveled at the dorsum of the coach. Merely so he could experience the full consequence of being a? Negro. ? Characterization was besides a large portion. With out John desiring to make this nil would hold worked. He besides didn? t alteration his personality or even his name. Mr. Griffin had to be strong indoors to cover with the torment, grief, and racism that he encountered. BY making this undertaking John non merely got a better image of how it was to be a? Negro? , but it besides changed his mentality on life forever.

The Principle of Legality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Principle of Legality - Essay Example Such an integrated supply chain would be especially effective if it is designed after the market knowledge is taken into consideration and the decoupling point is properly determined. The principle of legality is based upon the premise that two different kinds of initiatives can be successfully combined in improving the efficiency of the supply chain and making the agile supply chain a reality. One of these aspects is postponement and the other is information decoupling, and Naylor et al (2000) have argued that these two can be combined into a liability or the combination of both agility as well as lean capabilities into one supply chain. Agility is defined as â€Å"using market knowledge and a virtual corporation† in order to be able to exploit the most profitable opportunities within a volatile marketplace. Leanness, on the other hand, refers to the development of a value supply chain stream that ensures that all kind of waste, including any waste of time, are all eliminated.(Naylor et al, 2000:108). The supply chain is defined as a â€Å"system whose constituent parts include material suppliers, production facilities, distribution services and customers†, all of whom are linked together in a cycle where there is a forward flow of materials and a backward flow of feedback. The decoupling point is the one that separates that part of the supply chain that is oriented towards the generation of customer orders from that part which is based on planning. (Naylor et al, 2000:108) Naylor et al (2000) also point out that agile manufacturing is the best suited to meet a market situation where there is fluctuating demand, while lean manufacturing, on the other hand, requires a level schedule but when these two elements are combined with the market knowledge taken into consideration, the decoupling point can be positioned correctly. The legality approach therefore essentially attempts to incorporate lean production methods while also adapting to a fluctuating market.     

Business Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Employment Law - Essay Example As it appears, all other employees apart from Mark agreed to work overtime. In his submission, Mark indicated that he was not under any contractual obligation to work overtime. This infuriated Rebecca who decided to take the matter to the manager. However, it is also indicated that there was always bad blood between the two employees, and this seemed to be an opportunity to settle the scores. The dismissal of mark from the work is unacceptable and therefore he has the right of appeal. While the law provides the employers with the prerogative to dismiss employees for gross misconduct and without warning, the case of Mark is different. Firstly, the company should have let the employees know of the staff shortage. Secondly, such employees ought to have been requested to offer themselves for overtime work to compensate for losses incurred due to such shortage of employees. As it stands, the request to have Mark work beyond his normal hours appears to be an ambush. In addition to that, th e manner in which the information was passed to him is also wanting. It is vital to note that employees just like employers, have their personal rights1. On that material day for instance, Mark had an appointment with his girlfriend. He made such arrangement because he had not been informed of any changes by his boss. Therefore, it seems that the company suffers from lack of good communication and relationship with the employees. Thirdly, the dismissal is unjustified based on the fact that when Mark was employed, he signed a contract that indicated the time that he was to be in the job. His decision however mean it may seem to be was justified. There was no prior complaint that he failed to provide quality work because of incompetent or any other factor. It therefore seems that he was a dedicated person who understood his rights well. It seems that the management failed to conduct its independent investigations to ascertain the allegations2. Relying on the information provided to th em by a fellow employee was wrong since there could have been other reasons which could have prompted Mark to take the decision he did. Even if this was a gross misconduct according to the management, law requires that investigation is carried out. For instance, it is indicated that Rebecca and Mark had a malfunctioned relationship which affected their communication. It is therefore possible that this was a malicious act meant to punish Mark by dismissing him. She may have passed communication to other employees about the overtime work and failed to let Mark know in advance. The management therefore was in contravention of the statutes guiding dismissal. There are various unfair grounds through which one may be dismissed. They include lack of good reason, being asked for flexible hours and also if one refuse to work overtime. From the case, it is outright that the firm did not have objective grounds to dismiss Mark. He was dismissed immediately even though he was innocent. He had a right to choose either to work or not. Employees have their flexible time which they may choose to offer or not. Depending on prior communication with the company, employees may choose to comply or refuse. From the above mentioned facts, it seems that Mark is entitled to make a claim of unfair dismissal and get remedies. The law gives him the right to make such a claim through a trade union3. Some of the methods that would be used to address this issue may include mediation and

Employability skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employability skills - Assignment Example Working in the sales department with a team dealing with customer support is certainly a huge task that comes with huge responsibilities. Setting up personal responsibilities in this area is somehow similar to updating job description to increase tasks and responsibilities, which are congruent with the overall objective of the organization. One needs to ask him/herself the following questions before setting responsibilities; what have I done? What do I need to do in order to progress myself? Finally, how do I execute it? These three questions are important in ensuring that your personal responsibilities meet both personal and interests of the organization. My first personal responsibility as a customer support personnel involves satisfying the expectations of the client. The second responsibility involves coordinating with individual users of our service to assess their needs. The third responsibility involves providing adequate information to the clients all the time. The fourth res ponsibility involves developing effective rapport with other service colleagues. The fifth responsibility involves ensuring that you are up to date with current service delivery methods and procedures to increase customer satisfaction. Performance targets unlike personal responsibilities, which makes use job description, go beyond the tasks and duties stated in the job description. Armstrong, (2009; p6) elucidates that when an idea of high quality job performance crosses your mind then one starts to think about expected job outcomes. Everyone at the work is always expected to meet his or her job objectives and thus the need for personal performance targets. For instance, customer support staffs need to ask themselves the following question in order to effectively set personal performance goals. How am I expected to act with the customers and support center colleagues? What are the mandatory organization values? Finally what procedures, methods and process should I employ? My perform ance targets based on my experience in working as a customer support personnel include but not limited to the following: Responding to at least 90% of all the incoming enquiries either through main or telephone; Attending to at least 99% of all complaints from customers promptly; Enhancing my customer service and interpersonal skills within 3 months. Contact at least 60% of new customers to find out about satisfaction of the services. Contact at least 70% of the clients who received a repair to find out if they were satisfied by the services. Evaluating personal effectiveness against defined objectives is an important undertaking for every employee considering that it demonstrates areas where an individual employee effectively succeeded and where he/she requires improvements (Keller, 2010; p196). Self-assessment is applied in a wide range of professional settings including customer support services and therefore it is a noble idea for customer support personnel to undertake self-ass essment to establish their effectiveness to meet customer care challenges and above all their competence in relation to customer service skills. An evaluation of my personal effectiveness against personal objectives played a significant role in knowing my level of performance with respect to competency in customer service skills. One of the biggest challenges that most employers face is how to motivate their employees to attain their full potential at work. It is

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, Research Paper

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Do you think that such laws are effective If so, why If not, why not - Research Paper Example Numerous attempts have been made by the United States to make sure that regulatory systems exist to control monopolistic entities and aggressively enterprising organizations. This control is geared towards not only protecting consumers, but also smaller business trying to grow. Numerous laws have been enacted over the years, for example, the Clayton Act to work towards preventing monopolies. Collectively the laws are referred to as antitrust legislation. This paper investigates the effectiveness of such laws within the United States. The courts have a tendency of being vague when it comes to antitrust regulations. According to the legal systems, thee antitrust laws are intended for the promotion and preservation of competition and enterprise system that is free (Blaisdell, 2008). This vague definition does not do much to enlighten one who wants to know about the laws or is doing business and wants to abide by them. There is no clear layman explanation of these laws and their application. The only way one can have a better understanding of the antitrust laws is by looking at the ruling of cases heard before. The reality of the matter is that interpreting these laws whether in theory or practically can lead to wrong conclusions. The interpretation of the laws by the legal infrastructure make one assumption that the independence of buyers and sellers in the business decision making process encourages completion. The decisions can be made by competitors who will agree on market shares, product restrictions among other things. If these decisions are made independent of the consumer, they might end up suffering as they are not involved in the decision making process. The exclusion of the customer needs within the decisions made by companies may end up limiting choice. The decisions made by the companies may be legally sound but logically, they are hindering the intent of the competition. There is a necessity to set up robust infrastructure to ensure that antitrust

Fashion Design And Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion Design And Architecture - Essay Example The type of construction that is done depending on the preference and culture of the people at that particular time. It is for this reason that architecture is known to protect the culture of a given people over time and in most times act as cultural symbols. Due to this, we are able to learn the civilization of past people and how they lived during their times. The practice of erecting buildings can be seen as an art and in many cases, architecture is used to refer to buildings especially those constructed over a given period of time. There are various levels at which architecture can be done from the small-scale level that involves the construction of small-scale buildings such as kennels to the large-scale constructions of skyscrapers and water dams that can be seen in various parts of the world such as China and the western parts of the world. Design, on the other hand, can be described as the process of creating something with a given plan that is important to the making of a ne w system that can be used for various purposes. In software constructions, designing can be said to be the process of coming u with a blueprint of a software just before it is constructed. In architecture, the too design is one of the most important processes. The design is done with an intention of creating something new in the environment and creates unique things that have characteristics that have never been seen before. Design can also be described as the long process that is used to achieve particular set goals.  ... The practice of erecting buildings can be seen as an art and in many cases architecture is used to refer to buildings especially those constructed over a given period of time. There are various levels at which architecture can be done from the small scale level that involves the construction of small scale buildings such as kennels to the large scale constructions of skyscrapers and water dams that can be seen in various parts of the world such as china and the western parts of the world. Design on the other hand can be described as the process of creating something with a given plan that is important to the making of a new system that can be used for various purposes. In software constructions, designing can be said to be the process of coming u with a blueprint of a software just before it is constructed. In architecture too design is one of the most important processes. Design is done with an intention of creating something new in the environment and creates unique things that hav e characteristics that have never been seen before. Design can also be described as the long process that is used to achieve particular set goals. These set goals in most cases involve unique accomplishments. Fashion design is an art of applying natural beauty and design to come up with clothing and accessories that are acceptable to different people considering their gender, age, and the trend of time in which they are. Fashion design can be influenced by a lot of different factors top of which is climate. It is because of this that fashion designers work to accomplish their goals in different ways. The design is a continuous changing process as they have to work hard to match the consumer demand which keeps changing most of the time. For any designer to be successful, they

Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research report - Essay Example It adopted cultural control strategy at strategic level of control and output strategy at operational level. However, in a bid to meet conditions laid for accessing government intervention, certain decisions were taken, which affected the relationship between middle managers and top management. The managers devised various ways of resisting the managerially-imposed change. They planned collectively but acted individually. They capitalized on their good relationship with the factory workers to manipulate the sentiments of the latter against the top management. Their resistance is resentment-based and not necessarily resistance to changes aimed at reducing wastages. For the purpose of this study Oracle Computers Inc. was used as an explanatory case study for some theoretical underpinnings. A middle manager in human resource department was interviewed. The interviewee has worked in the organization for ten years and has been working as a Human Resource manager for 2 years. This report does not claim that this is exactly what the organization is like. The information used relies on the interviewee’s perception. Schein’s (1992) organisational culture model was used to identify what constitutes the culture of the organization under scrutiny. Schein describes that organisational culture constitutes the unspoken and tacit guidelines and expectations that enable people within an organization to get along (Schein 1992). Schein’s model portrays organisational culture as having three levels. These are underlying assumptions, values and artefacts (Linstead, Fulop & Lilley 2004). Underlying assumptions identify the beliefs held by members within the organisation about the organization. Values indicate what staff consider to be important about working within the organization. Artefacts, according to Schein, pertain to visible aspects such as formal procedures and material symbols that say

2 options will send Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 options will send - Essay Example Many people are religious and have established a relationship between their social existence in the society and the unexplainable powerful force. Given that the society is made of culture and religion, it can be concluded that there is an existing relationship between material culture and religion. As examined in this article, religion might be impoverished by ignoring the material aspect of culture (Smart 1998, p. 51). Culture is used by people in the society to refer to symbols, customs and habits of a given group of people in the society. It is also used in some cases to depict things passed on from one generation to the other in the society. Material culture is a term employed in the description of the archeological artifacts of the society. Culture is identifiable to the behaviors and actions of the members of a society. For instance, the Irish culture could be said to be identified by their language accent and religion, which is Catholic. Therefore, other things in the society such as language, beliefs, norms and symbolism could also identify culture (Foucault & Carrette (1999, p. 86). Material culture involves material things and symbols used in a given society. The material things include artifacts that are archeologically identified and utilized for various purposes as identified by the society. Some of the materials culture identified with some cultures includes the homes that people live in, businesses, churches and Penticton. On the contrary, to the material culture, non-material culture may also include the values of people and morals apart from the language, norms and symbols as indicated earlier. The physical substances representing culture do not work alone and require non-material culture. For instance, seeing objects does not make meaning unless one reads and understands the meaning of the object, something facilitated using language (Smart 1998, p. 75). The examination of

In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay Example for Free

In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay Pressures that an individual feels affect his disposition towards life. The pressure may be taken as positive or negative depending on the weight it brings a person. Most of the time pressures are viewed to bring about negative effect to the person but some just do not realize that it is the pressure felt by an individual which motivates him to finish a goal. For example, a student is pressured to finish his assignment that is about to be due and if he is not able to finish it, he will be able to receive a low mark. The student then strives hard to finish that assignment on time so that he will not be given low mark by his professor. Sometimes, pressure may also cause a student to do the assignment for the sake of doing it because if he does not submit the assignment on time, he will be able to get a low mark. In short, pressures also bring about negative outputs. In the essay by Zinsser, he had taken a negative view of the college pressures he identified. He identified pressures such as economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. He had discussed that this college pressures had been a hindrance for the college students to enjoy their peer activities, to choose their own college courses to pursue and to do whatever things they find interesting and more enjoyable to do. The pressures he had identified are considered as hindrance for the students to pursue their chosen dreams. He discussed that the pressures had been affecting the students but he didn’t realize that these pressure in the long run will be viewed as valuable for the student. The pressure which Zinsser considered as problems and hindrances for student s will be an important aspect in realizing their true dreams. Economic pressures of the society today should not be viewed negatively or as a hindrance that could consummate a college student who is trying hard to be able to finish his college studies. Otherwise, economic pressures such as the increasing trends of insurances, postage, oils, cost of boarding and tuition fees. Instead of viewing the pressures negatively, the students should be able to consider it as a challenge that they should be able to get through in order to survive in the world where they chose to live. Economic pressures serve as a challenge for the college students to try harder in pursuing their dreams to come true. Yes, it is very true that the economic pressure nowadays greatly affects the situation of the students who are financially unstable but it should not be considered a hindrance for them to pursue whatever they aim to achieve in life. As the competition for scholarships and grants is becoming very tougher and tougher nowadays because of economic deficits felt by large companies, it is really hard to secure one in order to continue studying for college. However, securing a scholarship or grant for a student who really needs to get a scholarship will not be difficult if he have a strong drive or motivation. Nothing is impossible for a person who is really interested and who is really motivated to achieve a goal. Students who are not financially unstable don’t experience the economic pressure that is experienced by the students who are financially constrained. They are more affected with the pressures they feel from their parents. Parents of these students decide that their children must enroll to a law school or a medical school. The reason behind these is that they wanted to make sure that their children get the best education in order for them to have a secured future. Secured future for them is enrolling in a law school or a medical school because these field of education promises large lump of money. Although some people have a negative view towards the pressures a child receive from his parents, these pressures still could cause good effects to the children in the long run. If we make an analysis, in the short run, the pressures that parents give their children may not provide good impacts to them but in the long run, it will be able to do them good. Why? In the long run, the children will little by little accept the fate that their parents had given them and will eventually provide them good results. The student may not be really interested in the field that his parents like him to pursue but as he goes along the way, he will eventually mature and will realize that his parents want him to have the best education for him to be able to have a secured future. As he matures, he will then realize that he is more than fortunate that his parents could provide him the best education they could ever offer unlike the unfortunate children that need to work in order to go to school. Because of the decision his parents made for him when he entered college, he then realizes that the pressures his parents had given him had offered him positive results and it did not turned out to have caused him negative results. Self induced pressure should also be viewed as a valuable and important thing in the building the future of a student. In school, he is pressured to do surpass the efforts that his classmates exert to be able to get high marks. Studying hard as well as exerting so much effort in school is a good trait a student must possess. The students learn in a way that he also has exerted effort. In this case, after graduating, he will be ready to surpass all the pressures of his work. He will not have the feeling of difficulty because he had been equipped with the right knowledge he gained when he was studying. Peer pressures felt by a student is also a valuable thing that he could use when he will seek his first job in the future. Pressure from peer is compared to the pressure that he will feel when he is already employed and will tae orders from his boss. At first, pressures given by peers to a student is not beneficial because it distracts the concentration of the student in studying but eventually in the long run, he will be able to get used in the pressures he feels from his peers. In this way, pressures from work in the long run will not be considered as a hindrance from him to also excel in his work in the future. He had been trained with the pressures his friends had given him and in return, the pressures of his work in the future will not be a problem anymore because he will deal it with enthusiasm. Pressures that a student undergoes during a certain part of his life particularly in his college life are very important and valuable. They should not be viewed negatively because it is a process wherein training is executed. The student is trained to become a real equipped person to be battling in the future in his work as well as in his own life and family. If in his college life, he had been used to pressure, the pressures he will be undergoing in the future will not be a burden for him to succeed instead, it will be regarded as a challenge that is to be solved with patience and perseverance. Works Cited: Zinsser. William (1978). College Pressures. The Norton Reader. Norton-Simon Publishing.

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay Example for Free

Advertising and Advertisement Contributes Essay A story of mine come immediately to my mind. once I wanted a pair of slipper, but after entering the supermarket, I was shocked for there were thousands of brands of slippers. eventually, I chose LULU which was the only brand I’d ever seen on the television. according to a well known sociologist, and I paraphrase, without advertisement, consumers and merchants both lose something, which is to say that consumers lose the opportunity to obtain the one suit them most and merchants may lose their potential customers. aturally, it is significant to advertise for the firms. meanwhile a recent survey conducted by sina. com will make this point valid and convincible. the sales volume of a certain product doubles since its manufacturer advertise on a TV program. for most of time consumers dont know their real requirement at all, so their needs to a certain kind of product is influenced greatly by the advertisements. for instance, my mother went shopping one day in order to buy some milk and vegetables, nevertheless she came back home with a pair of trousers n her words, just because she ever saw it on a magazine. in addition, one of my classmates used to buy whatever he is interested in on. EBAY. com for about 2 times a week. considering the enormous advantages for manufacturers, advertisement has the necessity to remain. each coin, however, has its two sides. rare as the drawbacks of advertisement are, they do exist. some small companies completely rely on the boasting advertisement to attract consumers. in order to make the advertisement to be credible, they invite he celebrities, make special good effect, and even film to publicize their production. unfortunately, consumers are always wise enough to distinguish a fair publicity from one with exaggeration. Hence, those companies are bound to suffer the tremendous cost of advertising without benefiting from it. to sum up, the merits of advertisement for corporations far outweigh its defects. thus, i strongly advocate that advertisement contributes to the amplification of the profit of enterprises and should be retained.

Modelling and simulation using opnet modeller 14.5

Modelling and simulation using opnet modeller 14.5 4.1 Overview The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the modelling and simulation, using OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version for the autonomic wireless network management. In addition, it will explain what kind of modifications and suppositions were necessary in order to achieve the autonomic self-healing mechanism, including agents architecture and description. 4.2 Autonomic Management Agents This section will illustrate the modelling and simulation, using OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version, of a community of autonomic management agents that provide network fault analysis for a group of base stations. The main objective of these intelligent agents will be to bring together process information in order to detect failures when base stations exchange information between them, and the creation of a high obtainable wireless access network. Analysing network failures is relatively difficult since these problems may differ from one network system to another and could depend on network dynamics, i.e., the type of network information to be exchanged and the traffic characteristics associated with that information. In addition, the pattern of failures could vary quickly as the network operates and reconfigures around a failed device As OPNET Modeller 14.5-Education version does not have an autonomous process ready for simulation usage, the existing code had to be adapted to allow autonomic behaviour. The use of two different autonomic agents was required in order to provide self-healing network diagnosis and facilities. In this report, OPNET coding modifications will be called Agents and two different types are mentioned and applied to the access points. Testing Agents will supply data simplicity and monitor capabilities to Node Agents whereas Node Agents will periodically check the information that Testing Agents bring together and use it as a medium of failure detection within the wireless access network. In addition, a Testing Agent will be able to supervise and provide data regarding information exchanged among access points. Node agents use data obtained by the Testing Agents as a method of node analysis Various Testing Agents may be found on a single wireless client. A Testing Agent can be situated on a host device since it does not have to deal with data acquisition and information simplicity. In contrast, Node Agents will be located on a base station. Various Testing Agents may be found on a single wireless client 4.2.1 Additions and Model Modifications OPNET Modeller was used in order to determine concept achievability of the proposed model. The concept of Autonomic Mobile Wireless Networks is illustrated by using a community of wireless base stations which allow autonomous healing of interrupted paths The OPNET simulation showed in this report will contain two Node Agents and two Testing Agents which take the part of a group of autonomic base stations. The new OPNET topology required the creation of ten nodes in order to characterize every autonomic agent and all the modifications were made to accomplish the needs of both agents. The autonomic behaviour was obtained through modifications to the wlan_server_adv and ip_arp_v4 OPNET process models, where code changes were made in order to achieve the desired behaviour. Figure 4.0: OPNET ip_arp_v4 process model. 4.2.2 Testing Agent (TA) and Node Agent (NA) Description Each Testing Agent belongs respectively with a Node Agent as a single component of a particular node in the OPNET simulation. As mentioned in section 3.3, each base station is aware of its next-door stations at all times. A Testing agent (TA_1) is designed to watch and detect alterations regarding other base stations. In the event of any modification of the network, TA_1 will notify Node Agent (NA_1) by using a UDP message. UDP presents lack of reliability so consequently the Testing agent TA_1 cannot assure successful message transmission. However, this lack of reliability will be useful for simulation purposes After receiving information from TA_1, a Node Agent (NA_1) will inform other stations about changes in zone, and file updating may take place. When a NA_1 observes that information sent has not arrived at its destination within a particular period of time, the agent alerts its neighbours that a probable node malfunction has occurred. This time depends on certain attributes fixed for a particular mobile user. Scalability of the network will be achieved with the use of a second pair of agents. Agent TA_2 then has the job of monitoring path request messages sent and received by other stations. Information regarding path request is detected by TA_2, including the time when the path request was generated and the destination of this demand. Changes to the mobility architecture were necessary including ARP and IP alterations. The idea was to alter some settings in order to evaluate and compare the destination address with the address of the device where specific information was sent. The destination address must belong to a registered wireless client and the intelligent agents will check correct transmission of it IP alterations were made changing the moip_core to allow stations to be able to forward information packets to its neighbours, modify the IP routing mode and help each station choosing the better route available. The moip_core has a list that could be dynamically regulated as the base stations travel between networks The UDP is used as a transport protocol and the managing, mobility and registration information is handled by the process shown in the figure below. Figure 4.1: OPNET moip_reg process model The moip_reg process allows base stations to manage and update mobility information regarding next-door stations. When exchanging information among stations, all the agents will monitor and process each request and they will aim to find failures during the registration process. If the registration communication was successful, there is an identification value that is compared with a mobility list and the correctly matched among them will mean no error has occurred during the registration procedure Updated messages must be sent when agents have no information regarding the mobile station due to updating failures. In fact, agents need acknowledgments in order to be sure that the communication between stations is happening perfectly. If an agent does not receive the updating message, it will not be able to monitor base stations and all the information exchanged among agents will be lost. Therefore, all the updates and acknowledgments will be verified within an identification field contained by the moip_reg. If they are equivalent, the update will be set as confirmed and the exchange of information will be free of failures. Figure 4.2: OPNET agent node structure Figure 4.2 shows a plain representation of agent node structure and distribution. In addition, OPNET Modeller allows us to present the node model which was modified in order to provide autonomic behaviour to a set of autonomic base stations within a self-managed wireless access network. The wireless connectivity is achievable through the use of IEEE802.11b interfaces, permitting roaming among networks. This type of interface could be improved by adding an extra communication module between the radio transceiver and the wlan_mac system. This process allows a base station to simulate the effect of completely losing connection among devices and at the same time avoiding unnecessarily queues of packets 4.3 Network Model Three different network configurations were constructed to simulate and identify autonomic characteristics, and agent distribution was arbitrarily decided in order to improve the simulation. The Testing agent (TA_1) was applied to a single base station; another station was selected to make use of Testing Agent (TA_2) and Node Agent (NA_1) while Node Agent (NA_2) was modified to operate in all base stations 4.3.1 Design of Wireless Network Infrastructure The next steps were followed in order to design a wireless infrastructure in OPNET: Open the OPNET program and select New Project and then press OK. Give the project and the scenario a name. Select create empty scenario and press next. Network space was chosen as campus and specific size was selected as: X-span and Y-span 10 kilometres respectively. The Object Palette Tree will open which illustrates the various WLAN devices as follows. The file Node Models situated in the object palette contains the item wireless-lan-adv which encloses all the different network devices used in the wireless network presented in this report All nodes were modified by using the function configuration Application Config and Advance Edit Attributes option. In addition, the following wireless parameters were customized as stated in the figure 4.4: Physical characteristics Data Rate (bps) Transmit Power (W) AP Beacon Interval (sec) Packet Reception-Power Threshold (bytes) The wireless access network contains ten base stations (Figure 4.5) which are connected via point to point duplex links (ppp_adv). Each base station has at least two interfaces; one interface to provide connectivity among wireless mobile devices and another wired interface for uplink communication. The network configuration showed above was created in order to simulate and analyse the wireless system when it includes nodes (Base Stations) on the exterior sector of the network and no more than two neighbour stations close to it. Therefore, these stations will only have a maximum of two paths to communicate their next-door devices. On the other hand, the rest of base stations will be surrounded by more stations and more possible routes. Figure 4.6 shows the second configuration. There are various potential routes on which base stations and mobile devices may exchange information among them. As a result, the agents performance is going to be probed by selecting the best path and being able to repair route problems. The third model illustrated in the Figure 4.7 offers a more narrowly linked network configuration. The number of neighbours for every node will increase and the communication between Node Agents and Testing Agents will improve due to a decrement in the number of paths required for Testing Agent information to meet the suitable Node Agent. Therefore, a superior self-healing performance will be expected using this configuration. 4.4 Verification of Agents self-healing process upon base station malfunction To experiment the right operation of the agents, different simulations were made in every network model. The main purpose is to test agent reliability and its competence when providing an intelligent self-healing course of action. Consequently, the base stations were programmed to reproduce a failure and the action of agents would eventually lead us to simulate an autonomic behaviour. In order to obtain a more understandable vision of the self-healing performance, a reduced network configuration was simulated (Figure 4.8). Exchange of information among nodes may take different paths until data arrives at its final destination. In the event that a particular base station fails, the permanent monitoring service of the Node Agents will detect the malfunction, and then the base stations self-healing method will autonomously locate another route allowing intelligent diagnosing and repairing OPNET code modifications provide one method of simulating a malfunction in the base station. The most important features required for this process were the use of an acknowledged mechanism and the understanding of the range capacity of base stations. These characteristics were required to allow mobile devices to recognize when a failure takes place in a base station and stop transmitting and routing traffic, in order to start self-healing and path recovery 4.5 Self-Healing and Route Discovery The new route discovery was obtained through modifications to the wlan_server_adv and ip_arp_v4 OPNET process model, where code changes were made in order to achieve the desired autonomic behaviour. In a wireless access network, if the base station and mobile nodes are within transmission range of each other, an ARP request can be use in order to find a new route to the target mobile node. The Internets Address Resolution Protocol dynamically translates IP addresses to its MAC level address. Full OPNET source code is given in Appendix Source Code page 70 //ROUTE FAILURE //Route failure was created by denying connection service for a given destination address. The program looks into ARP table entries to find an entry for the destination IP address. Because the IP address given does not match in the ARP table the program returns a FAILURE ROUTE situation. On the other hand, in case that a matching entry was found SUCCESS connection will take place. static Compcode arp_cache_entry_find (IpT_Address dest_ip_addr, int* index_ptr) { Int table_size; inti; IpT_Arp_Entry*entry_ptr; //Find the entry in the ARP cache for a given destination IP address. table_size = op_prg_list_size (arp_cache_lptr); for (i = 0; i { entry_ptr = (IpT_Arp_Entry *) op_prg_list_access (arp_cache_lptr, i); FRET (OPC_COMPCODE_FAILURE) } //Match the to-be-resolved destination IP address with the entrys IP address if (ip_address_equal (dest_ip_addr, entry_ptr->ip_addr) == OPC_TRUE) { *index_ptr = i; FRET (OPC_COMPCODE_SUCCESS) } } When a new route is discovered (SUCCESS connection case), the information needs to be sent to an explicit destination (Mobile node) as specified in the â€Å"Destination Address† attribute. If the destination address specified is correct it generates a destination and forward the appl_packet to the MAC layer with that information. if (destination_address == OMSC_AA_AUTO_ASSIGN) { curr_dest_addr = OMSC_AA_AUTO_ASSIGN; oms_aa_dest_addr_get_core (oms_aa_handle, integer_mac_address, (int) mac_address); curr_dest_addr = integer_mac_address; } else { //Destination Address attribute. curr_dest_addr = destination_address; } // Set this information in the interface control / information to be sent to the MAC layer op_ici_attr_set_int64 (wlan_mac_req_iciptr, dest_addr, curr_dest_addr); // Install the control information and send it to the MAC layer op_ici_install (wlan_mac_req_iciptr); op_pk_send (pkptr, outstrm_to_mac); send_paket = op_ici_create_fmt (appl_packet); sendID = (SPkt *) op_prg_mem_alloc ( sizeof (SPkt) ); } In order to make the code modifications a simple as possible, the new path discovery was made through a simple Request-Response communication between base station and mobile node. Transmission of selected configuration parameters from the base station to the mobile node is possible by the creation of the autonomic agents and their interaction. The agents configuration is also executed in the OPNET Modeller Simulation by the use of the Node Editor described in the Figure 4.9.

How the Role of Women in Haudenosaunee Culture Inspired the Early Feminist Movement :: Essays Papers

How the Role of Women in Haudenosaunee Culture Inspired the Early Feminist Movement The United States has had a long relationship with the Haudenosaunee people. When Europeans invaded North America, beginning in the end of the 15th century, they found a land already inhabited by a large group of people, who they called Indians. Although their subsequent relationship was plagued by disease, wars and fights for domination, there was, inevitably, some exchange of goods, like crops, and ideas between the two peoples. Most notably, even the â€Å"Founding Fathers† of the U.S. were influenced by the Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s ideas about democracy and government. One aspect of the relationship, however, is rarely mentioned: the impact that Haudenosaunee women had on early feminists in the U.S. The two groups of women interacted very closely during the 19th century, and prominent feminist voices in the U.S., like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Lucretia Mott, were heavily influenced by the native women’s many freedoms. The contrast between the two groups of women was tremendous. Haudenosaunee women held prominent, decision-making positions in their matriarchal political system. They had the power to choose their clan’s chief, and their authority as clan mothers was respected by Haudenosaunee law. Spiritually, these women were viewed as being connected to Mother Earth and were responsible for leading various religious ceremonies, alongside of men. Haudenosaunee women also shared agricultural work with men, dealing with the work load on a communal basis. Not only did they have control of their own property, but women also had authority over their own bodies, including the responsibility of childbearing. This authority was developed in the Haudenosaunee matriarchal system of family in which children were considered members of the mother’s clan and husbands were brought into the wife’s longhouse upon marriage. Women had final domestic control; violence against women and children wa s not tolerated because wives had the power to kick their husbands out, ordering them to â€Å"pick up [their] blanket and budge† (Wagner, p. 47). On the other hand, women in the U.S., the land of the free, experienced a severe limitation of rights in comparison. Unlike the Haudenosaunee, white women were considered completely subordinate to men, and had to rely completely on their husbands for economic support and political influence. Not only were these women not in positions of political power, but they could not vote, control their own property, make decisions about their own body, or claim their own children.

The New International Economic Order Essay -- United Nations Economics

The New International Economic Order In the early 1960's the economic gap separating the first world from the third or other world began to explode. With the industrialized states controlling more than 3/4ths of the global economy the disadvantage facing the third world could easily be seen. Third world countries lacked the start-up capital, the education, and the technology to compete with the first world. In the early 1970's the United Nations began to listen to the cries from these third world states, and set out to develop a strategy at which to combat these problems. This strategy lead to the development of The New International Economic Order (NIEO) or the Group of 77 in 1974. The group consisted of 77 members " which would rectify what they see as the structural, global, economic inequality that operates to the Other World's distinct disadvantage" (Weatherby 90). The NIEO convened at the United Nations and proposed 6 major issues which they felt needed to be agreed upon in order for the third world states to clos e this economic gap which they faced. The first of these issues was the idea that each state would be free to determine their own economic and political structure. This has not been the case though with Neocolonialism. On the surface it looks as though these third world countries have control over their economic and political structures because the control exercised over these states is indirect. " This influence is exercised through the interaction of the dominant nation's banking, business, cultural, and military leaders with the Other World's elites" (Weatherby 35). Because of the third world's dependence on dominant powers for economic survival they must in essence follow the desires of the more powerful... ...United Nations where each country would deposit 1% of its gross domestic product (GDP). This aid would then be distributed to countries on the basis of needs and not beliefs. As it stands right now the United States only gives 0.017% of it's gross domestic to foreign aid programs. In conclusion the NIEO was a strong attempt at closing the gap between the rich and the poor countries. But in the end the rich and more powerful countries still control everything. The developed countries continue to develop faster everyday. Making it harder and harder for the third world nations to catch up to our pace. It will be the developing nations final decision whether or not we will ever allow the third world to share in the same kind of lifestyle we have developed for ourselves today. Works Cited Weatherby, Joseph N., et al., eds. The Other World. New York: Longman, 1997.

Lord of the Flies :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - review. The book Lord of the Flies is about a plane full of boys crashing on a deserted island. On the island the boys try to build a civilized colony but soon fail. Within the novel, objects that the boys find or make, turn into symbols. William Golding uses symbols in the beginning of the book, the conch is a good example of this. The conch is a powerful symbol that develops as the book progresses. The author puts a lot of detail into this one symbol. The conch is a very important symbol that at the beginning of the book is invested with power and at the end this power is destroyed. The conch during the beginning of the novel shows leadership, power, and order. During the beginning Ralph finds the conch and blows it to assemble all the survivors of the plane crash. At this time the author tells us a little about the conch."Yet most powerful, there was the conch. The being that had blown that ... was set apart"(11). Right after the conch was discovered it is portrayed as being powerful and whoever has it, is special, showing leadership. The boys pick Ralph because he has the conch, which proves its significance and leadership. Another example of its power is when Ralph speaks on pages 31 and 32 saying people can only talk if they have the conch and that this person will not be interrupted. When the children obey this rule about the conch it tells how this conch has power, creates order and symbolizes rules. It is clear that the conch is invested with power during the beginning and that it is already an important symbol. The power from the conch develops further on in the middle book, and soon holds a civilizing force over the boys, which can be interrupted as an important symbol for civilization. The power from the conch in the beginning of the book is strong but further on the power degrades. Ralph proves that the conch has a force over the boys. "Ralph had to wave the conch once more" (85). Ralph waves it to make silence to prove the power of the conch and everyone obeys this gesture. However he has to wave it again proving the power is degrading because at first he only had to wave the conch once. Just this alone shows the force the conch has over the boys. When the boys obey the conch and when the conch is around, the boys act civilized and obey rules. This proves the conch can be interpreted as a symbol for civilization.

A sequence of diary entries as Mrs Danvers, reflecting on three or four important episodes in the novel

â€Å"Mrs de Winter†, everyone called her. She is not worthy of the name. That girl, who arrived at magnificent Manderley in an ugly stockinette dress, awkwardly clutching a pair of gauntlet gloves, is not fit to be called the name that was given to my Rebecca. Rebecca was beautiful. Rebecca always knew what to do and what to say, so unlike this girl who shuffled nervously up the flight of steps and stood gauchely on the threshold of the house. No, this new girl is nothing compared to Rebecca's perfection. I was glad I had collected the whole staff to welcome her, despite Maxim's letters. The hall was full of people, all wanting to see â€Å"the new Mrs de Winter†, a sea of faces staring down at her. I wanted her to feel as uncomfortable as possible, and I succeeded, for when I advanced from the crowd and lay my hand in hers, I felt it was hot and damp. As I gave her the cold speech that I had rehearsed, she could not even lift her eyes to meet mine. When I finished, she blushed a bright scarlet, stammered some kind of thanks in return, and clumsily dropped both her gloves. What an ill-bred girl! As I stooped to pick them up, I did not care to hide the smile of scorn upon my lips, for I knew she would never have the courage to challenge me. Later, when they had finished tea, I showed her up to her room. She tried to smile at me, a weak, artificial smile, which I did not return. She walked around the meagre room, and said that it was â€Å"very charming†. Silly girl! The room they have now is nothing compared to the room Mr de Winter shared with Rebecca. Their room, in the magnificent West Wing, was twice as large as this; a very beautiful room, with a scrolled ceiling, expensive tapestry chairs and a great carved mantelpiece. It was the best room in the house, whilst this one, in the East Wing, is hardly ever used, and only then by visitors. It is a second-rate room, which is only natural, as this girl is such a second-rate person. I watched her disdainfully as she sat down nervously at the dressing table and started to brush her lank mousy hair, all the while trying to make conversation, trying to win me over, not knowing that I will never let her take my Rebecca's place. I almost pitied this poor girl, for she will never fit in here. No one will ever accept her. I watched her face scornfully as I told her about the West Wing, how beautiful the room was, how expensive the furnishings were, and I compared it with the inferiority of this room. I wanted her to think that Mr de Winter put her here because he does not love her, as I am sure he does not, not after Rebecca. I watched her face, this unattractive face, and saw that already she feared Rebecca and me. She will be no match against us. June I caught the new Mrs de Winter in Rebecca's room today. She was snooping around because of Jack Favell's visit. Jack Favell came today, because Mr de Winter was away. We went up to Rebecca's room, and that was where Favell saw the new Mrs de Winter approach the house back from her walk. I quickly closed the shutters and we went downstairs so Favell could leave before she saw him, only to find her spying on us from behind the morning room door. Mr de Winter had not told her about Favell then, for she was unaware of his position, and invited him to tea. If I had not been present Favell would have accepted, rash and stupid as he is. However he insisted on showing her his hideous green car, as a way of impressing her. I would not put it past him to have offered to drive her to the lodge gates. What a way to behave to someone who may very well go running to Mr de Winter as soon as he returns! A little after half past four, I went up to Rebecca's room in the West Wing. There, as I had almost expected, at the window, stood the new Mrs de Winter. As she turned pale and awkwardly mumbled an excuse about closing the shutters, I saw that the latch of the wardrobe was not quite closed and the nightdress had been disturbed on the bed, and I knew she had been around the room. She had sat down at Rebecca's dressing table, looked in Rebecca's mirror, touched Rebecca's dressing gown, Rebecca's slippers, Rebecca's quilt, Rebecca's nightdress, and looked at Rebecca's clothes. She had disrupted Rebecca's peace, the peace that I had kept here from the day she died. It occurred to me, this girl was afraid, that was why she came up here. She was afraid of Rebecca, who still ruled at Manderley. She had to see for herself, and after seeing, she felt like an intruder in Rebecca's house, for I keep everything exactly the same as when Rebecca was alive; it is as if Rebecca's spirit still lives in that room. I took her arm and led her around the room, ingratiating, honey-sweet, falsely fawning, showing her the entire room, every last detail, every single expensive ornament and every intricate fabric. I wanted her to see how inferior she was compared to Rebecca. Rebecca was so much taller than her, for when I held up Rebecca's gown it reached down to the girl's ankles. I forced her hands into Rebecca's tiny slippers to show how delicate Rebecca's feet were. I showed her Rebecca's brushes, and told her about hair-drill, how Mr de Winter used to brush it for her, and she would laugh, â€Å"Harder, Max, harder.† It hurt me greatly to talk about these things, especially about Rebecca's death as I think every time about how I could have prevented it, but as I watched the new Mrs de Winter's face I knew that it hurt her more. I blame myself for my lady's death. I had been away, only because Rebecca was in London. When I got back, however, the servants told me she had returned, then went out again. If only I had been there, just to warn her about sailing in such weather. She always listened to me. She would have moaned, and called me an â€Å"old fuss-pot†, and we would have stayed home, talking until late about all she had done in London. I told her about Mr de Winter's grief, how he paced up and down every night after her death. I wanted to make her realise, nobody wants her here. She is only here because Rebecca died. She is only here because of an accident. I told her about how I sometimes think I hear Rebecca walking behind me along the corridor. I asked her if she sometimes thought the dead come back and watch the living, whether Rebecca comes back to watch her. I frightened her, for when I finally opened the door to let her pass she refused to look at me and stumbled as she ran. July Mr de Winter has decided to revive the fancy dress ball. There was much excitement in the house as the preparations took place. The whole village was talking about it, remembering the last ball at Manderley. The fancy dress balls had always been magnificent affairs, with fireworks and music, the great hall full of adoring people, lords and ladies, the bishop and his wife, people from Kerrith and around, and standing in the centre of the room would be Rebecca, smiling, shining in her dress, looking more charming than anyone else. Everyone talked about how elegant she was, how wonderful Manderley looked, and what a lucky man Mr de Winter was. Whenever there was a pause in the stream of guests, she would turn to me and we would share a smile at how well we had organised the whole thing. The preparations this year brought for me a stab of pain. In all the busy arrangements, there was no Rebecca. The servants carried on, it seemed, as if they had forgotten her, and instead went to this child, calling her â€Å"Mrs de Winter†. However, the girl is incapable of such a task as running the Manderley ball. While Rebecca organised everything, depicting precisely the flowers on the tables, writing each of the invitations, this ignorant girl did not even lick a stamp, instead choosing to stand about doing nothing except getting in the way. She is entirely unsuited to the position which she forced herself into. A few days before the ball, I found some of those sketches of hers in the waste paper basket. She had been considering what to wear for the ball. As you can imagine I was filled with derision at this. How typical for someone like her to be stuck for something to wear! I laughed as I thought of her trying so hard to find something special, not knowing that nothing she could find would make her even half of what Rebecca was. That was when the idea came to me, a fantastic idea. I took up the flimsy sketches and arrived at her room. As I confronted her about her lack of decision, she avoided my gaze and began to file her short, brittle nails in her nervousness. I suggested to her the idea of copying one of the pictures from the gallery, in particular the one of the young lady in white, with a hat in her hand. That picture was Caroline de Winter, a sister of Mr de Winter's great-great grandfather. She married a great Whig politician and was a famous London beauty for many years. What the new Mrs de Winter does not know is that at the last fancy dress ball at Manderley, Rebecca had copied the exact same picture. Of course, this girl and my Rebecca are very unalike, but with exactly the same costume, and a wig, I was sure that the first thing the guests would think of will be Rebecca. Mr de Winter will get such a shock, which he deserves for letting this girl take Rebecca's cherished place. Everyone will think that she did it all on purpose; it will be another one of her silly inexperienced slip-ups. I was determined that, amidst the celebrations for the â€Å"new bride†, no one will forget Rebecca. As I expected, the girl did order the dress, and on the evening of the ball I heard her and Clarice the little maid giggling in her room like two silly schoolgirls. I stood and waited in the doorway leading to the West Wing, so I could see everything. In due course, the music stopped, and the drum started beating, a soft humming sound escalating to what sounded to me like ominous thunder. The drummer shouted, â€Å"Miss Caroline de Winter.† A figure appeared at the head of the stairs, dressed in white, a sash and a ribbon, her hat in her hand, her curls standing out from her face. It was the very image of Rebecca. I was overwhelmed; the resemblance was striking; my eyes stung as I almost, almost believed that it was my Rebecca, that my dear Rebecca was back, standing at the top of the stairs, waiting to meet the applause. No applause came. I was torn back into reality as I realised that the whole hall was still. Then they must have all seen it. Yet the girl went on smiling, putting one hand on the banister. â€Å"How do you do, Mr de Winter,† she said. Mr de Winter stood still. He stared up at her, his glass in his hand, his face drained of colour, ashen white. The girl began to be afraid. My plan had worked, Mr de Winter was angry at her, and she had humiliated herself in front of all the guests. I heard her trembling voice in the hall, the long silences, the harsh tones of Mr de Winter. Then I saw her blindly running down the empty corridor, a stunned and stupid animal. She saw me standing triumphantly in the doorway, not caring to hide the loathing I felt for her. She turned and ran from me, tripping and stumbling, down the long narrow passages of Manderley, a home that is not, and will never be, her own. July, a few days later Rebecca is back. Not in person, but I feel her here. Last night Frith brought back the rumour that the Je Reviens was found by divers who went down about the ship in the bay, the one that ran aground when the bearings were confused. However, it cannot be Rebecca's boat. Rebecca's boat was crashed to bits on the rocks, yet this one was perfectly sound. When the diver broke through, he also found something else, a body. Who could it be? The flesh is rotted away by now, so as yet nobody knows. I cannot think who it could be. It cannot possibly be Rebecca, as she was found and identified at Edgecoombe over a year ago. Maybe Mr de Winter made a mistake when he identified her? Yet Rebecca is too experienced a sailor to let herself be trapped in the cabin like that. Could the body belong to one of Rebecca's men? This morning I received a message from Robert that the new Mrs de Winter wanted the menu changed to a hot meal. I was surprised, for she had never before dared to contradict anything I had done, and I did not think it necessary to bother serving someone like her a hot meal while there were plenty of leftovers from yesterday. It was even more astonishing that she should have sent the message by Robert. I confronted her about it. â€Å"I'm not used to having messages sent to me by Robert,† I said. â€Å"If Mrs de Winter wanted anything changed she would ring me personally on the house telephone.† I expected her to blush, and apologise, maybe even offer to keep the menu the way it was before. Instead, she looked at me, calmly and composedly, and answered, â€Å"I am Mrs de Winter now.† How could she have said that, when before she had not dared to meet my gaze? How could she have stood up to me, when before the slightest mention of Rebecca made her blush? What has changed? What has Mr de Winter told her? I pressed her about the story of the boat, but she would not reveal anything. She stood there, meeting stare with stare. I wonder, has everything changed? Even this girl dares to defy me. I do not know what has happened. I do not know what is going to happen, but I feel that nothing will ever be the same again.

Abc Term

Chapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities 1. What is the market value of a $1,000 face-value bond with a 10 percent coupon rate when the market's rate of return is 9 percent? Answer:More than its face value. 2. If an investor may have to sell a bond prior to maturity and interest rates have risen since the bond was purchased, the investor is exposed to __________. Answer:interest rate risk 3. Beta Budget Brooms will pay a big $2 dividend next year on its common stock, which is currently selling at $50 per share. What is the market's required return on this investment if the dividend is expected to grow at 5% forever? Answer:9% 4.If a coupon bond sells at a large discount from par, then which of the following relationships holds true? (P0 > represents the price of a bond and YTM is the bond's yield to maturity. ) Answer:P0 ; par and YTM ; the coupon rate. 5. Market interest rates and the prices of bonds in the secondary market: Answer:generally move in opposite directions. 6. A $250 face value share of preferred stock pays a $20 annual dividend and investors require a 7% return on this investment. If the security is currently selling for $276, what is the difference (overvaluation) between its intrinsic and market value (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)?Answer:Approximately $10. 7. Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of bond prices? Answer:If interest rates rise so that the market required rate of return increases, the bond's price will fall. Chapter 5: Risk and Return 8. The firm of Sun and Moon purchased a share of Acme. com common stock exactly one year ago for $45. During the past year the common stock paid an annual dividend of $2. 40. The firm sold the security today for $85. What is the rate of return the firm has earned? Answer: 94. 2%. Return is over the two-year period and includes both dividends and capital gains. Return = [($2. 0) + ($85 – $45)] / $45 = 94. 2% 9. The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribu tion to the mean of that distribution is referred to as __________. Answer:coefficient of variation 10. Clive Rodney Megabucks offers friend, Melanie, an interesting gamble involving giving her the choice of the contents in one of two sealed, identical-looking boxes. One box has $20,000 in cash and the second has nothing inside. There is an equal probability that the chosen box contains cash versus nothing. Melanie states that she would not call off the gamble if you offered her a certain $10,999 instead of her choice of box.However, she would be indifferent if $11,000 was offered in place of the risky gamble; and she would definitely take $11,001 to call off the gamble. We would describe Melanie as __________ in this instance. Answer: having a risk preference 11. Which of the following portfolio statistics statements is correct? Answer:A portfolio's expected return is a simple weighted average of expected returns of the individual securities comprising the portfolio. 12. __________ is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification. Answer:Unsystematic risk 3. What is the beta for an average risk security? What is the beta for a Treasury bill? Answer:1; 0. Chapter 20: Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock 14. The sinking fund retirement of a bond issue takes __________. Answer: two forms — (1) the corporation purchases bonds in the open market and delivers a given number of bonds to the trustee; or (2) the corporation pays cash to the trustee, who in turn calls the bonds for redemption. By Memory 15. A proposed project has normal cash flows. In other words, there is an up-front cost followed over time by a series of positive cash flows.The project’s internal rate of return is 12 percent and its WACC is 10 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct? Answer:The project’s MIRR is greater than 10 percent but less than 12 percent. ( In actual exam question, you have to solve and get the answer. ) 16. Project S costs $15,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $4,500 per year for 5 years. Project L costs $37,500 and is expected to produce cash flows of $11,100 per year for 5 years. Calculate the two projects’ NPVs, IRRs and MIRR assuming a cost of capital of 14%. 3 questions. NPV IRR MIRR 17. Answer:Step 1:Determine the PMT: 2% 0 1 10 | | | -1,000 PMT PMT With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 12, PV = -1000, and FV = 0 to obtain PMT = $176. 98. Step 2:Calculate the project’s MIRR: 10% 012910 ||| || 1. 10 -1,000176. 98176. 98176. 98176. 98 194. 68 . (1. 10)8 . (1. 10)9 . 379. 37 417. 31 1,00010. 93% = MIRRTV = 2,820. 61 FV of inflows: With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 10, PV = 0, and PMT = -176. 98 to obtain FV = $2,820. 61. Then input N = 10, PV = -1000, PMT = 0, and FV = 2820. 61 to obtain I = MIRR = 10. 93%.

English paper Essay

Will Durant, a U. S author and historian, writes, â€Å"Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. † This means that all the knowledge people once had is misleading to what the truth really is. Similarly, in Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† a painful process of gaining knowledge through all the ignorance is described. Plato describes a prisoner going on a journey to gain knowledge that is behind him, after he was stuck staring at a wall of shadows his whole life. He goes back to tell the other prisoners of his discoveries and they want to kill him. Douglass is a slave who learns to read and write, going through stages to achieve each step. As he begins gaining knowledge he finds the truth about slavery which startles him. Socrates’ idea that gaining knowledge is a difficult journey to undertake because by doing so it changes the way people see the world, as proven by Douglass’ experiences. In Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Socrates illustrates a metaphorical story about attaining knowledge. He describes a cave with men who are chained, prisoners of the cave. They face a wall; that is all they can see because they cannot move their heads. They cannot even look behind them to see a walkway and a fire. As a person passes on the walkway, a shadow is projected onto the wall in front of the prisoners; this is all they know. Only the shadows are what is real to them because it’s all they have ever known. Socrates says, â€Å"How could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? † (Plato 479). The main point is that people cannot understand anything except what is being projected right in front of them. Socrates’ point is that society has a limited understanding of knowledge, and is ignorant about what is beyond the surroundings. To acquire knowledge of the truth beyond the cave, one prisoner is freed. As his eyes adjust to the light, he starts to see the real objects from the images that are projected onto the wall. He understands how the shadows were a false truth and just an illusion and he feels bad for the other prisoners still stuck in the cave. He understands that they are not seeing the truth. Socrates states, â€Å"What he saw before was an illusion†. So the  prisoner returns to tell the others about his knew knowledge, but they couldn’t understand what they were being told. The other prisoners will not accept the knowledge the escapee has learned and my even put him to death. But the chained prisoners don’t understand that the whole world outside the cave is more real than the false illusions, or the shadows being projected onto the walls. Society doesn’t want to accept knew knowledge; people often resist changing what they know. Socrates’ prisoner goes through stages or the process of knowledge, which is also shown in Douglass. In the allegory, when the prisoner first leaves the cave he stares at the sun and cannot see; it takes time to get accustomed to the brightness. Socrates describes, â€Å"And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves† (Plato 480). In time the prisoner will begin to understand the â€Å"realities† (Plato 480) that he is facing by going through the stages. This is shown in Douglass as well. Douglass is first taught to read by Mistress Hugh, but then she refuses to teach him. So Douglass turns to kids that he makes friends with to finish teaching him to read. Douglass Sates, â€Å"The light broke in upon me by degrees† (Douglass 73); in other words, education is being achieved in stages. This is like the prisoner going through a process of gaining knowledge. Once Douglass is introduced to reading, he teaches himself to write by tricking the white boys into helping him learn. The process endured outside the cave by the prisoner- or the process endured by Douglass- will be â€Å"tedious† (Douglass 74), and take time, but steps must be taken to gain any knowledge. The process of gaining knowledge can be painful; Socrates idea of pain by being enlightened is played out in Douglass. When the prisoner is in a cave he is comfortable with the shadows on the wall and his surroundings, but if the prisoner is freed he will feel pain: â€Å"And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take refuge in the objects of visions which he can see† (Plato 480). The new knowledge that he will gain is so different than what he is used to. This can be seen likewise in Douglass as well. When Douglass learns to read he learns the truth of slavery which â€Å"tormented† (Douglass 71) him. He writes, â€Å"It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but no ladder upon which to get out† This is similar to the prisoner leaving the cave. He understands slavery and his rights are taken away, they ways that they are taken from their homes and made into nothing is so cruelly wrong. This causes him great pain; the only thing he has to look forward to is the hope of being freed. Because becoming enlightened is a painful process, many will resist or challenge what they believe, as illustrated by Socrates and Douglass. After the prisoner goes on his journey of being enlightened, he goes back to the cave to tell his friends what he has learned, but they reject him. Socrates says, â€Å"If any one tried to lose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch he offender, and they would put him to death† (Plato 482). The other prisoners think he is being â€Å"ridiculous† (Plato 481) and want to put him to death for his story about life outside the cave. They don’t understand that they are the ones trapped in ignorance and the freed prisoner is telling them the truth. This also plays out in Douglass. Mistress Hugh began by being a caring lady and teaching Douglass how to read, but slavery soon made a big impact on her. â€Å"I have had her rush at me with a face made all up of fury, and snatch from me a newspaper, in a manner that fully revealed her apprehension† ( Douglass 70). The violence she projected toward Douglass when snatching the paper from him shows the resistance she now has toward him being educated. Many will resist being enlightened because society doesn’t like to change what they already know. While society tends to resist enlightenment, those who are enlightened cannot return to their former ignorance, and pities others who are stuck there; which is shown in Plato and Douglass. When the prisoner went on his journey after being freed from the cave he learned all about the false notions he was living in the cave. Socrates says, â€Å"And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the den and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them? † (Plato 481). The prisoner feels bad for the others because they are trapped in ignorance and cannot see the truth like he has. This is also shown in Douglass.

Cultural Industries and Globalisation Essay

This essay will aim to include my understanding and perception of the cultural industries, how it developed into the creative industries and how globalisation has impacted this sector through looking specifically at exampled from Sheffield. Originating from the 1940’s the Cultural Industries was known as ‘The cultural Industry’ taken from a book written by Adorno and Horkheimer called ‘ Dialektik der Aufklarung’ from the chapter ‘Dialect of Enlightenment’. They thought of the Creative Industry as ‘ art with special, exceptional forms of Human creativity’ (Hesmondhalgh 2007). By the late 1960’s the Cultural Industry became comodified and was intertwining with other industries such as film, television and music as these were socially popular, the cultural Industry was re-named ‘The Cultural Industries’. Through new service industry growth and new labour, the Cultural Industries was turned into ‘The Creative Industries’ in the 1990’s and is still known as this in current society. ‘The creative Industries are those Industries that are based on individual creativity, skill and talent’ (DCMS). These creative industries include 13 categories: Advertising, architecture, arts and antique’s, computer and video games, crafts, design, designer fashion, film, and video, music, performing arts, publishing, software, TV and Radio. From when the cultural/ creative industries were first produced they have achieved huge industry growth rates for example: between 1997 and 2001 the UK’s creative industries grew by 8% per annum, with the most popular sector being TV and Radio and around about 122,000 organisations traded in the creative Industries since 1997( Montgomery, J 2007). This service Industry growth is mainly down to Globalisation which is defined as ‘ the world becoming more interdependent and integrated’ (Moynagh and Worsely, 2008). Globalisation links with economic power and consumption for mass markets and making them become global. They do this by customizing products, making them innovative and unique, and by using sub-contractors hope to get the products known globally. For example; in the fashion industry a designer will create a product that they want to produce globally to a specific target market, once they have created the product they will need to manufacture the product, ship the product and make it available for a global market to purchase. They will do this by having products made in countries such as Turkey or China as this method is cheaper and quicker, and have it shipped over to other companies to make it global. Through the virtual innovations such as the internet, and communication systems, the product can be marketed globally. ‘Globalisation also involves the global integration of production factors and services. ‘National’ industries ‘selling abroad’ are increasingly giving way to the organisation of production and distribution on a global scale, sourcing materials, labour, services etc. across borders with little or no attachment to particular places’ (Brown et al 2000). There are many Pro’s and Con’s regarding Globalisation, due to its features and tensions. Globalisation features; to name a few include aspects such as transportation and distribution: getting the goods to the destination from the manufacturers as quick as possible, Growth of Cities: Many Cities are moving from rural areas to urban areas through the growth of industries and trade, Free trade: to allow companies to trade without government barriers or trade policy, Multi Nationals: Different nationality companies will be working along side one another in one country and Global Culture: the development of standardisation and the idea that everything will start to look ad feel the same. Although this means that buying and selling overseas will become more integrated and connected through fast distribution and manufacturing, it also creates problems known as tensions of globalisation. A few of these tensions are; Poverty: Globalisation may mean that in poorer countries there are increases in ‘sweat shops’ where poorer people are made to work long hours top help manufacture products to help the fast trade of Globalisation. In poor Asian economies, such as Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia, large numbers of women now have work in garment export factories. Their wages are low by world standards but much higher than they would earn in alternative occupations’ (Bardhan, P 2006). Economic Growth: many traders have fled poorer countries in order to gain more trade in multi-national, urban areas. Oligopoly: There will no longer be one current market brand leader, as everything will be integrated and manufactured the same, causing competition in market bran ds. Global vs. Local: The idea that local economies will be decreasing through products no longer being unique, through the speed of communication, how fast the brand becomes global. An article by Shah, A 2009 says: ‘Following a period of economic boom, a financial bubble—global in scope—has now burst. The extent of this problem has been so severe that some of the world’s largest financial institutions have collapsed and local manufactures have been bought out by their competition at low prices’. This demonstrates the impact that globalization has had on small businesses and how competition between organizations is becoming increasingly tougher. These features and tensions need to be considered in order to gain an understanding of the impacts of Globalisation and the positive and negative points that need to be considered in terms of the struggling economies and inequalities that may occur in parts of the world. Globalisation also works off economic, political, social, cultural and environmental aspects and entails better communication; through social networking sites, developing relationships; through computer and internet innovations which link people together, and the decline in human contact; people are no longer conducting meetings as they can have video conferencing with people on the other side of the world. One example of a globalised cultural Industry in the UK would be The Stonehenge, a World Heritage Site which is known as a place for worship and healing. This tourist attraction sees thousands of visitors pass it every year, visiting from all over the world. The world Heritage site’s include The great Barrier Reef, Great Wall of China, Galapagos Islands and many more, their mission’s include is to promote public awareness of the sites and encourage international cooperation in the conservation of the World heritage sites (unesco. rg). After looking into globalisation; it’s positive and negative aspects in gaining a deeper understanding of the subject, I can now establish an understanding of how globalisation has impacted Sheffield’s Cultural Industries and weigh up affects it may have had on this industry. The growth of the Cultural Industries meant that in the UK a huge amount of employment was generated, which was extremely beneficial to Sheffield as it meant that 7. 2% of people were working for the creative Industries, this ame at a good time following the collapse of the steel industry after Britain let a failed trip to Japan to buy machinery to cater for the Steel industry needs. After a strike from the workers the Steel Industry closed in Sheffield and meant a loss of 50,000 jobs were incurred. Today in the Sheffield region of South Yorkshire, the Cultural Industries employment rates are above 20% of the average employment, rating above hotels and catering, and below the retail and education i ndustries. It is continuing to expand through the Cultural Industries Quarter located in the city centre which contains BBC Radio Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University, Perishable Works, and Exchange works. A quote from a BBC News report 2006 shows: ‘All very much in keeping with the new Sheffield. The area near the train station has been re-dubbed the cultural quarter, a loose collection of creative and multi-media firms with the Showroom Cinema and Workstation Cultural Industries Business Centre at its heart’. The CIQ is a non-profit organisation with a ‘ wide ranging powers to support and promote the growth of the cultural industries in Sheffield’ (CIQ Agency 2006). These establishments are all in short distance from each other creating a business community, a range of building sizes, university connectivity and transport links (CIQ Online 2006). Other creative industries around the city include; Botanical Gardens, Peace Gardens, Sheffield Museum and art Gallery and the Crucible. One organization that was established though the cultural Industries Quarter is the Workstation, a creative Business Centre combined with the Showroom Cinema, an independent picture house showing contemporary, classic film, and film from different cultures. It is now an internationally significant cultural centre which hosts annual events and festivals such as The Children’s Film Festival, Sheffield Adventure Film Festival, Sensoria Festival of Music & Film and Celluloid Screams. The Showroom regularly hosts festivals and creative events which give a chance to meet experts from different media, learn new skills and cultivate new ideas. Globalisation has had huge affects from the Cultural Industries being successful through the determination of the company becoming globally recognised. According to a journal article written by Brown et al 2000, it states that there was a four stage development plan to move the CIQ from being local, regional, national to internationally known by 1) Nurturing local music/ cultural businesses, 2) create a tourist attraction to bring people to Sheffield and 3) Using these points to create a better image of the city. The creative director of the CIQ stresses that â€Å"We don’t want it to be seen as a Sheffield centre, but a national one†. Through working on these plans Sheffield’s Cultural Industries Quarter have seen visitor numbers up to 500,000 per year which is proven to be a success. Through speaking to the manager of the Showroom in Sheffield, it is clear that through times of the recession and the ‘credit crunch’ the independent cinema has to market its events and showings carefully to ensure that the visitors are still attending. As the venues most frequent visitors are older people who tend to have a lot of disposable income, they already have a captive audience. However, to gain awareness they have to capture various other market groups to expand it’s global awareness for example; they can target different ethnic groups and communities through showing different nationality and religious films to attract the certain audience. To conclude, through researching the Cultural Industries and how it has developed through time into the Creative Industries I now have a deeper insight into the background knowledge of the subject and can link it to globalisation and how they have positive and negative affects on one another. From researching Globalisation and the pro’s and con’s it brings to the economy, I can now realise that Globalisation can create as much poverty as it can capital, and the affects it has on local businesses, trades, and workers. The Cultural Industries Quarter in Sheffield has impacted from globalisation through the development and infrastructure of its diverse buildings and content. For example; the showroom has attracted audiences internationally as well as regionally through its specific showings at the cinema and it continues to grow by making Sheffield a ‘Music City’ by building more buildings to help expand the Cultural Industries Quarter. Finally, globalisation has shaped a mass market for the global economy as a whole and has profoundly meant that the cultural Industries are expanding and recognisable.